[5][6] The Kingdom of Armenia adopted Christianity as its national religion in the fourth century CE, establishing the Armenian Apostolic Church. [120] On 29 May, the CUP Central Committee passed the Temporary Law of Deportation ("Tehcir Law"), authorizing the Ottoman government and military to deport anyone deemed to be a threat to national security. Scattered among these ancient mountains are the debris of Syrian mercenaries, Israeli drones, Turkish helicopters and Russian bombs, all exploding out into an unpredictable regional war. With the rise of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and his Justice and Development Party, Turkey descended into dictatorship and xenophobia. It was with Turkey’s funding, munitions and guidance that Azerbaijan attacked Artsakh on Sept. 27, 2020. [91] These pressures played a key role in the intensification of anti-Armenian persecution and met a favorable response already before 1915. [2][196] Historians estimate that 800,000 to 1.2 million Armenians were deported. This story has been shared 181,454 times. [132] In August 1915, deportation was extended to western Asia Minor and European Turkey; these deportees were often allowed to travel by rail. [160] Military commanders told their men to "do to [the women] whatever you wish", resulting in widespread rapes. Hundreds of thousands of Armenians lived elsewhere, scattered throughout central and western Asia Minor. [15], Armenians in the eastern provinces lived in semi-feudal conditions and commonly encountered forced labor, illegal taxation, and unpunished crimes including robberies, murders, and sexual assaults. [241] Food shortages were exacerbated by the deliberate destruction of crops in Eastern Armenia by Turkish troops, both before and after the armistice. peasantry, soldiers, and laborers) to rise to the middle class. [137] Dutch historian Uğur Ümit Üngör argues that "the involvement of seasoned criminals and militiamen hardened in years of (low-intensity) conflict in the Balkans, accounts for the cruelty of the genocide". [264][265], For decades, Turkish school textbooks did not mention Armenians as part of Ottoman history;[266][267] more recently, textbooks have acknowledged that Armenians were subjected to mass deportation, but claimed that this action was justified, emphasizing Armenian violence. Since then, the dispute over the region has continued. Turkey closed its borders with Armenia, imposed the blockade and dreaded the possibility of military intervention in support of Azerbaijan, but the pro-Armenia Russian threat dampened the Turkish action. These corpses thus arrived in Upper Mesopotamia before the first of the living deportees. [167], In general, Armenians were denied food and water during and after their forced march to the Syrian desert;[168][169] many died of starvation, exhaustion, or disease, especially dysentery, typhus, and pneumonia. During their invasion of Russian and Persian territory, Ottoman paramilitaries massacred local Armenians; massacres turned into genocide following catastrophic Ottoman defeat in the Battle of Sarikamish (January 1915), a loss blamed on Armenian treachery. Not only Turkish-Armenians but also irregular Armenian workers are concerned about their security, with hate speech against Armenians quickly escalating among Turkish … The businesses of deported Armenians were taken over by Muslims who were often incompetent, leading to economic difficulties. [119] On 23 May, he ordered the deportation of the entire Armenian millet to Deir ez-Zor, beginning with the northeastern provinces. [269][311], Systematic killing of Armenians residing in the Ottoman Empire during WWI, hundreds of Armenian intellectuals and community leaders, denies that the deportation of Armenians was a genocide or wrongful act, Confiscation of Armenian properties in Turkey, Talat Pasha's estimates, published in 2007, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, military ally of the Ottoman Empire during World War I, 100,000 Armenians lived in Constantinople, may have at least one Armenian grandparent, have recognized and condemned the genocide, 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, officially recognize the Armenian Genocide, "The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916)", "The Implications of Turkey's Renewed War on the Kurds", "Mouradian on Dixon, 'Dark Pasts: Changing the State's Story in Turkey and Japan, "Only 9 Percent of Turks say Armenian Killings Genocide: Poll", "Armenian genocide: US recognition of Turkey's killing of 1.5 million was tangled up in decades of geopolitics", "Countries that Recognize the Armenian Genocide", Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide, "Earth, Fire, Water: or How to Make the Armenian Corpses Disappear", NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, "State Identity, Continuity, and Responsibility: The Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide", "Recognition of the Armenian Genocide after its Centenary: A Comparative Analysis of Changing Parliamentary Positions", "The Armenian Genocide and the Ruse of Protective Dispossession", Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings, Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers, Association for Defence of National Rights, Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial Bombings, How happy is the one who says I am a Turk, Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_Genocide&oldid=1017131989, Persecution of Christians in the Ottoman Empire, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 11 April 2021, at 00:49. Some areas with a very low Armenian population and some cities were partially spared from deportation. [94] Akçam concludes that "the allegations of an Armenian revolt in the documents ... have no basis in reality but were deliberately fabricated". Driven forward by paramilitary escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to robbery, rape, and massacre. Such ideologica… The Turkish–Armenian war (Armenian: Թուրք-հայկական պատերազմ) known in Turkey as the Eastern Operation or Eastern Front (Turkish: Doğu Cephesi) of the Turkish War of Independence, refers to a conflict in the autumn of 1920 between the First Republic of Armenia and the Turkish nationalists, following the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres. [279], On 24 April 1965, the fiftieth anniversary of the genocide, a hundred thousand Armenians protested in Yerevan and other Armenians demonstrated across the world in favor of recognition of the genocide and annexing land from Turkey. [145][156] Some children were forcibly seized, but others were sold or given up by their parents to save their lives. Key roads threatened to become impassible due to the contamination of corpses, and typhus epidemics spread in nearby villages; the Ottoman government also wanted the corpses cleared to prevent photographic documentation. The Turkish army of the Eastern Front was superior to the newly-formed Armenian army both numerically and in terms of military training, and on 24 September 1920 it began its invasion of Armenia.1 From the first days of the war, that country’s government requested the … The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. [151][152], Akçam states that Islamization, carried out as a systematic state policy, "was as much a structural element of genocide as physical destruction". By the end of June, there were only a dozen Armenians in the vilayet. The Turkish–Armenian War refers to a conflict in the autumn of 1920 between the First Republic of Armenia and the Turkish nationalists, following the signing of the Treaty of Sevres. [177] After hearing from German politicians that they expected surviving Armenians to be allowed to return home after the war, Talat Pasha ordered a second wave of massacres in early 1916. 483,372, This story has been shared 384,062 times. This list may … [199] Based on contemporary estimates, Akçam estimated that by late 1916, only 200,000 deported Armenians were still alive. [106] Dashnak leaders attempted to keep the situation calm, urging Armenians to tolerate localized massacres because even justifiable self-defense could lead to a generalized massacre. [8] Sharia law encoded Islamic supremacy but guaranteed property rights and freedom of worship to non-Muslims (dhimmis) in exchange for a special tax,[9] but they were also pejoratively referred to in Ottoman Turkish as gavurs, a word connoting that they were "disloyal, avaricious, and not to be trusted". Russian forces liberated Van on 18 May, finding 55,000 corpses in the province—about half its prewar Armenian population. And not just between those two sides. ISTANBUL — Elen has felt uneasy moving around her father’s native Istanbul since war broke out over the ethnic Armenian enclave of Nagorno Karabakh on September 27. [246], Armenian survivors were left mainly in three locations. [13] According to the Armenian Patriarchate's 1913–1914 estimates, there were 2,925 Armenian towns and villages in the empire, of which 2,084 were in the Armenian Highlands in the vilayetss of Bitlis, Diyarbekir, Erzerum, Harput, and Van. On 24 April 1915, the Ottoman authorities rounded up, arrested, and deported hundreds of Armenian intellectuals and community leaders from Constantinople (now Istanbul). [226] The treaty of Sèvres was annulled by the Treaty of Lausanne later that year, which established Turkey's current borders and provided for the Greek population's expulsion. Prior to World War II, the Armenian Genocide was widely considered the greatest atrocity in history. Against the academic consensus, Turkey denies that the deportation of Armenians was a genocide or wrongful act. [33] This marked the emergence of the Armenian Question in international diplomacy as Armenians were for the first time used to interfere in Ottoman politics. Tehlirian was acquitted. [173], Armenian ability to adapt and survive was greater than the perpetrators expected. [54] When news of the countercoup reached Adana, armed Muslims attacked the Armenian quarter and Armenians returned fire. [214] Although the postwar Ottoman government passed laws mandating the return of stolen Armenian property, in practice, 90 percent of Armenians were barred from returning to their homes, especially in Eastern Asia Minor. Terms of Use As the signal-to-noise ratio decreases in the reporting of events surrounding the September 27 Azerbaijani assault on the Armenian-inhabited region of Nagorno-Karabakh, a much more surreptitious current has received virtually no reporting: Iran. [66][67] In January 1913, the CUP launched another coup, installed a one-party state, and strictly repressed all real or perceived internal enemies. As the Soviet Union was falling, the people of Artsakh naturally voted — just like Armenia and Azerbaijan — to regain sovereignty. Those who could not keep up were left to die or shot. In 1994, with Armenians in control of Artsakh, a cease-fire was brokered. [156], Women and children who fell into Muslim hands during the journey typically ended up in Turkish or Kurdish hands, in contrast with those captured in Syria by Arabs and Bedouins. When war in Artsakh erupted, I had the responsibility of setting the foundations of peace talks. Armenian, Turkish and soldiers of other ethnic groups suffered tremendously because of the reckless decisions of the Young Turk junta to enter World War I … [225], On 31 March 1923, the nationalist movement passed a law granting immunity to CUP war criminals. The republic declared independence after the war between Armenia and Azerbaijan, which lasted from the late 1980s to 1994, claiming 30,000 lives. [107] The governor, Cevdet Bey, ordered the Armenians of Van to hand over their arms on 18 April, creating a dilemma for the Armenians: If they obeyed, they expected to be killed, but if they refused, it would provide a pretext for massacres elsewhere. [161] Historian Hilmar Kaiser states that for Armenians, "Rape meant an irreparable transgenerational loss of self-esteem, or 'honor'". [185] Confiscated property was often used to fund the deportation of Armenians and resettlement of Muslims, as well as for army, militia, and other government spending. Privacy Notice [103] Historian Ronald Grigor Suny states, "Deportations ostensibly taken for military reasons rapidly radicalized monstrously into an opportunity to rid Anatolia once and for all of those peoples perceived to be an imminent existential threat to the future of the empire. Azerbaijan, having enjoyed possession of the place for the better part of a century, was not inclined to give it up. [154] Some Armenians were allowed to convert to Islam and evade deportation, but where their numbers exceeded the 5 to 10 percent threshold, or where there was a risk of their being able to preserve their nationality and culture, the regime insisted on their physical destruction. At the orders of Talat Pasha, an estimated 800,000 to 1.2 million Armenian women, children, and elderly or infirm people were sent on death marches leading to the Syrian Desert in 1915 and 1916. [188] The expropriation was part of a drive to build a statist "national economy" controlled by Muslim Turks. [305][306] Polish-Jewish lawyer Raphael Lemkin, who coined the term genocide in 1944, became interested in war crimes after reading about the 1921 trial of Soghomon Tehlirian for the assassination of Talat Pasha. [189][191][192] Confiscation of Armenian assets continued into the second half of the twentieth century. [222][224] Prosecution was hampered by a widespread belief among Turkish Muslims that the actions against the Armenians were not punishable crimes. [136] Increasingly, the crimes were considered necessary and justified to establish a Turkish nation-state. According to Kévorkian, only the Soviet occupation of Armenia prevented a "third phase of genocide, this time planned by the Kemalist authorities". Turkish-Armenian War The Treaty of Sevres granted Armenia a large swathe of eastern Anatolia as reparation for the Ottoman Empire's persecution of the Armenians during World War I. Other rotting corpses became stuck to the riverbanks, while some traveled as far as the Persian Gulf. İstanbul’s Armenian community feared for its safety during the 43-day Karabakh war, which appears to have ended with a peace deal signed by the Russian and Azerbaijani presidents and Armenia's prime minister on Nov. 10. [131] The campaign to Turkify the economy began in June 1914 with a law that obliged many ethnic minority merchants to hire Muslims. [65] Ottoman Muslim society was incensed by the atrocities committed against Balkan Muslims, intensifying anti-Christian sentiment and leading to a desire for revenge. [291] In late 2019, in the wake of the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, both houses of United States Congress voted to officially recognize the Armenian Genocide, soon thereafter passing sanctions against Turkey. [171] Survivors testified that some Armenians refused aid as they believed it would only prolong their suffering. On September 30, the Turkish military assumed control of Azerbaijan’s Air Force. [93] On 25 February 1915, Enver Pasha ordered the removal of all non-Muslims serving in Ottoman forces from their posts; they were to be disarmed and transferred to labor battalions. [68][69] Although the Young Turk movement included a number of factions, by 1914 its most influential ideologues had rejected Ottoman multiculturalism in favor of pan-Turanism or pan-Islam, aiming to consolidate the empire by reducing the number of Christians and increasing the Muslim population. [165] There were 25 concentration camps in Syria and Upper Mesopotamia. So many bodies floated down the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that they sometimes blocked the rivers and needed to be cleared with explosives. Few resisted, believing it would put their families in greater danger. [206][207], Relief efforts were organized in dozens of countries to raise money for Armenian survivors. [122][123][124] Deportation was only carried out behind the front lines, where no active rebellion existed. [298] The first feature film about the Armenian Genocide, Ravished Armenia, was released in 1919 as a fundraiser for Near East Relief, based on the account of survivor Aurora Mardiganian, who played herself. As a gesture of solidarity — and a promise for the future — Azerbaijan’s senior ally Turkey had closed its border with Armenia. [202] Witness testimony was published in books such as The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire (1916) and Ambassador Morgenthau's Story (1918), which raised public awareness about the genocide and influenced later historiography. [289][290] From the 1970s onwards, many countries avoided recognition to preserve good relations with Turkey. [142] Many others were trapped in valleys of tributaries of the Tigris, Euphrates, or Murat River by members of the Special Organization; their bodies were thrown into the river. [247] While Armenians in the capital faced discrimination, they maintained their cultural identity, unlike those elsewhere in Turkey;[247][248] those living outside of Istanbul continued to face forced Islamization and kidnapping of girls after 1923. That was the year that the Ottoman Turkish government began the systematic deportation, attempted conversion and ultimate killing of a million and a half Christian Armenians. Historian Hans-Lukas Kieser concludes that by agreeing to the treaty, the international community implicitly sanctioned the Armenian Genocide. [39] Many Armenian villages were forcibly converted to Islam. [101][102], Most historians date the final decision to exterminate the Armenian population to the end of March or early April 1915. [204][205], Imperial Germany was a military ally of the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Germany was well aware of the genocide while it was ongoing, and its failure to intervene has been a source of controversy. Yes, a church being bombed is a special kind of event. Thanks for contacting us. [294][295], After meeting Armenian survivors in the Middle East, Austrian–Jewish writer Franz Werfel wrote The Forty Days of Musa Dagh (1933), a fictionalized retelling of the successful Armenian uprising in Musa Dagh, as a warning of the dangers of Nazism. [307][308] Academic study of the genocide began in the 1980s. [210] Following the genocide, remaining Armenians organized a coordinated effort known as vorpahavak (lit. [178] More than 200,000 Armenians were killed between March and October 1916, often in remote areas near Deir ez-Zor and on parts of the Khabur valley, where their bodies would not create a public health hazard. Around 100,000 to 200,000 Armenian women and children were forcibly converted to Islam and integrated into Muslim households. The first transit camp was established at Sibil, east of Aleppo; one convoy would arrive each day while another would depart for Meskene or Deir ez-Zor. [145][142], More than 500,000 Armenians passed through the Firincilar plain south of Malatya. [257] In Germany, the Nazis viewed Kemalist Turkey as a post-genocidal paradise and, according to historian Stefan Ihrig, "incorporated the Armenian Genocide, its 'lessons', tactics, and 'benefits', into their own worldview". [22], From the mid-nineteenth century, Armenians faced large-scale land usurpation as a consequence of the Kurdish tribes becoming sedentary and the arrival of Muslim refugees and immigrants (mainly Circassians). The rivers remained polluted long after the massacres, and Arab populations downstream were affected by epidemics. Historians generally have explained (or excused) the Turkish deportations and massacres of the Armenians during the First World War as the result of conflicting ideologies, religious or nationalist; as the understandable and justified response of the Young Turk triumvirate to Armenian subversion in time of war; or as a long-planned elimination of non-Turks in Anatolia to create a national homeland for the Turkish people. No, the swirling dust kicked up by violence against a Christian house of worship can take back even the most modern-minded Armenian more than a century — to the year 1915. Its president, Ilham Aliyev, recently tweeted: “Armenia is not even a colony, it is not even worthy of being a servant.”. [100] Any local incident or discovery of arms in the possession of Armenians was cited as evidence for a coordinated conspiracy against the empire. [197] Death rates varied widely by province. [243][244][245] In 1920, Turkish general Kâzım Karabekir invaded Armenia with orders "to eliminate Armenia physically and politically". Français: Voici l'évolution des frontières de l'Arménie lors de la guerre arméno-turque en 1920. [292][293] As of 2021[update], 30 countries have recognized the genocide, along with Pope Francis and the European Parliament. [235][236] Historian Raymond Kévorkian states that the Turkish war of independence was "intended to complete the genocide by finally eradicating Armenian, Greek, and Syriac survivors". [11] The millet system institutionalized the inferiority of non-Muslims, but granted the Armenians significant autonomy. [232][233], In September 1918, recognizing that the empire had lost the war militarily, Talat Pasha emphasized his completion of the most important war aim: "transforming Turkey to a nation-state in Anatolia". The Armenian Genocide (other names) was the systematic mass murder and ethnic cleansing of around 1 million ethnic Armenians from Asia Minor and adjoining regions by the Ottoman Empire and its ruling party, the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), during World War I. 9846 Views September 29, 2020 15 Comments South Front News, Southfront amarynth. CUP leaders feared these reforms would lead to partition and cited them as a reason for the elimination of the Armenian population the following year. [211] Armenian leaders abandoned traditional patrilineality to classify these children as Armenian. This order, intended to eliminate the Armenian leadership and anyone capable of organizing resistance, resulted in the torture and eventually murder of most of those arrested, who were forced to confess to a nonexistent Armenian conspiracy against the empire. South Front. [176] At the beginning of 1916 some 500,000 deportees were alive. [43], Abdul Hamid's despotism prompted the formation of an opposition movement, the Young Turks, who sought to overthrow him and restore the constitution. Unprepared for the harsh winter conditions,[96] his forces were routed, losing more than 60,000 men. [150] During 1915, some were forced to walk as far as 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) in the summer heat. [77][78][79] This ethnic cleansing campaign, brought to an end in exchange for Greece's promise to remain neutral in the upcoming war,[80] has been described by historian Taner Akçam as "a trial run for the Armenian Genocide". The war was an invasion of Armenia by Turkish forces, the battles were all between Turkish and Armenian armed units. Pages in category "Turkish–Armenian War". This goal could not be accomplished without mass murder. [157][158] Most of them endured exploitation, hard labor without pay, forced conversion, and physical and sexual abuse.
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