No antidote is known, but if breathing can be kept going artificially, patients recover within 24 hours. I. Biomechanics of the octopus reaching movement", "Color Discrimination Conditioning in Two Octopus, "Octopus vision, it's in the eye (or skin) of the beholder", "Study proposes explanation for how cephalopods see colour, despite black and white vision", "Odd pupils let 'colorblind' octopuses see colors", "Cephalopod Ink: Production, Chemistry, Functions and Applications", "Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) Care Manual", "Absurd Creature of the Week: The Beautiful Octopus Whose Sex Is All About Dismemberment", "Octopuses were thought to be solitary until a social species turned up", "Octopus Senescence: The Beginning of the End", "First in situ observation of Cephalopoda at hadal depths (Octopoda: Opisthoteuthidae: Grimpoteuthis sp. [41] The lamella structure of the gills allows for a high oxygen uptake, up to 65% in water at 20 °C (68 °F). Octopuses that are diurnal and live in shallow water have evolved more complex skin than their nocturnal and deep-sea counterparts. Males become senescent and die a few weeks after mating. [105] An octopus may spend 40% of its time hidden away in its den. [23] An optic gland creates hormones that cause the octopus to mature and age and stimulate gamete production. [72]:276–277 Experimental removal of both optic glands after spawning was found to result in the cessation of broodiness, the resumption of feeding, increased growth, and greatly extended lifespans. The haemocyanin is dissolved in the plasma instead of being carried within blood cells, and gives the blood a bluish colour. The oldest claimed octopus fossil is Pohlsepia, which lived 296 million years ago. [35], Octopuses are gonochoric and have a single, posteriorly-located gonad which is associated with the coelom. Ink clouds of some species might act as pseudomorphs, or decoys that the predator attacks instead. In 1999, Springer's daughter, Tamar, produced her favorite of her fatherâs works, âThe Bells of Notre Dame,â a musical-in-concert based on the famous Victor Hugo novel. [36] Although several species are known to live at bathyal and abyssal depths, there is only a single indisputable record of an octopus in the hadal zone; a species of Grimpoteuthis (dumbo octopus) photographed at 6,957 m (22,825 ft). [34], The eyes of the octopus are large and are at the top of the head. Chromatophores contain yellow, orange, red, brown, or black pigments; most species have three of these colours, while some have two or four. [93][102][103], Octopuses use camouflage when hunting and to avoid predators. An autonomic response keeps the octopus's eyes oriented so that the pupil is always horizontal. [85], Some species have other modes of feeding. [8], Springer studied composition under Otto Luening at Columbia College, his father's alma mater, graduating in 1950. [6][16], Springer was Yip Harburgâs last collaborator before Harburgâs death in 1981. The siphon is used both for respiration and for locomotion, by expelling a jet of water. Jetting is used to escape from danger, but is physiologically inefficient, requiring a mantle pressure so high as to stop the heart from beating, resulting in a progressive oxygen deficit. )", "Ask an expert: Are there any freshwater cephalopods? [99] Octopuses often break out of their aquariums and sometimes into others in search of food. [23], The reproduction of octopuses has been studied in only a few species. [51], Like other cephalopods, octopuses can distinguish the polarisation of light. [90] Some species of octopus can crawl out of the water briefly, which they may do between tide pools while hunting crustaceans or gastropods or to escape predators. In 2015 a team in Italy built soft-bodied robots able to crawl and swim, requiring only minimal computation. The hellenic plural is roughly contemporary in usage, although it is also the rarest. It takes about three hours for O. vulgaris to create a 0.6 mm (0.024 in) hole. The Oxford English Dictionary lists "octopuses", "octopi", and "octopodes", in that order, reflecting frequency of use, calling "octopodes" rare and noting that "octopi" is based on a misunderstanding. The Duke of Edinburgh died Friday at age 99. The male argonaut is minute by comparison and has no shell. [59] The main pigment in the ink is melanin, which gives it its black colour. Octopus arms do not become tangled or stuck to each other because the sensors recognise octopus skin and prevent self-attachment. Many of Springerâs songs appear on the âgreatest hitsâ albums of the recording artists of this era. Prince Philip was born in Greece, fought in the Second World War, and became the longest-serving consort to a British monarch. [144] Ian Fleming's 1966 short story collection Octopussy and The Living Daylights, and the 1983 James Bond film were partly inspired by Hugo's book. [84][83] It used to be thought that the hole was drilled by the radula, but it has now been shown that minute teeth at the tip of the salivary papilla are involved, and an enzyme in the toxic saliva is used to dissolve the calcium carbonate of the shell. Live octopuses are eaten in several countries around the world, including the US. [53] Other researchers hypothesise that cephalopod eyes in species which only have a single photoreceptor protein may use chromatic aberration to turn monochromatic vision into colour vision, though this sacrifices image quality. Blue-ringed octopus have tetrodotoxin", "A Review of Octopus Fisheries Biology and British Columbia Octopus Fisheries", "The status of octopus fisheries in the Western Indian Ocean", "Macho foodies in New York develop a taste for notoriety", "Biologists Search for New Model Organisms", "Octopuses Are 'the Closest We Will Come to Meeting an Intelligent Alien, "Octopus slips out of aquarium tank, crawls across floor, escapes down pipe to ocean", "The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (Amendment) Order 1993", "The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 Amendment Regulations 2012", "Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council", "Octopus-Inspired Robots Can Grasp, Crawl, and Swim", "This robotic octopus tentacle isn't creepy at all", "Studying the creativity and intelligence of the octopus", "Untangling the Mysteries of the Octopus", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octopus&oldid=1016762799, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 8 April 2021, at 22:48. Prince Philip and his mother in England on July 3, 1960. They trail their eight appendages behind them as they swim. ", "What's Odd About That Octopus? [153] Bites are reported each year across the animals' range from Australia to the eastern Indo-Pacific Ocean. [104] This colour-changing ability is also used to communicate with or warn other octopuses. Coccidians in the genus Aggregata living in the gut cause severe disease to the host. [154][155] Bites have been recorded from captive octopuses of other species; they leave swellings which disappear in a day or two. [42] Water flow over the gills correlates with locomotion, and an octopus can propel its body when it expels water out of its siphon. Researchers have identified impressions of eight arms, two eyes, and possibly an ink sac. Hamburg-born inventor Hugo Benscher, 89, was found dead in 1992 but police only charged Philip Michael Stearman with his murder after a breakthrough in the cold case last year. Muscles in the skin change the texture of the mantle to achieve greater camouflage. [87] A study of this behaviour led to the suggestion that the two rearmost appendages may be more accurately termed "legs" rather than "arms". It is able to grasp objects such as a metal tube, a magazine, or a ball, and to fill a glass by pouring water from a bottle. He also played dual piano with pianist Dick Hyman. Springer is one of the last living composers from the âBrill Buildingâ era, where composers, lyricists and publishers all created and collaborated at the famed building at 1619 Broadway in New York City. [96] The veined octopus collects discarded coconut shells, then uses them to build a shelter, an example of tool use. The head includes the mouth and brain. [109] Displays are often reinforced by stretching out the animal's arms, fins or web to make it look as big and threatening as possible. "[165] Aristotle noted that the octopus had a hectocotyl arm and suggested it might be used in sexual reproduction. Octopuses are not territorial but generally remain in a home range; they may leave the area in search of food. They are similar in structure to those of a fish and are enclosed in a cartilaginous capsule fused to the cranium. The Twitter account of Britain's royal family has featured a tribute Queen Elizabeth II gave to Prince Philip for the couple's 50th wedding anniversary. [2] The Octopoda consists of around 300 known species[121] and were historically divided into two suborders, the Incirrina and the Cirrina. [138][139] One translation of the Hawaiian creation myth the Kumulipo suggests that the octopus is the lone survivor of a previous age. [125] However, this identification is considered dubious by other authors. [169] Having independently evolved mammal-like intelligence, octopuses have been compared to hypothetical intelligent extraterrestrials. [152], All species are venomous, but only blue-ringed octopuses have venom that is lethal to humans. part of "Cirromorphida" (Cirroteuthidae, Stauroteuthidae), part of "Argonautoidea" (Argonautidae, Ocythoidae), part of "Argonautoidea" (Tremoctopodidae, Alloposidae), part of "Cirromorphida" (Opisthoteuthidae, Cirroctopodidae), Octopuses and other coleoid cephalopods are capable of greater RNA editing (which involves changes to the nucleic acid sequence of the primary transcript of RNA molecules) than any other organisms. [27] The cirrate species are often free-swimming and live in deep-water habitats. [91][92] "Stilt walking" is used by the veined octopus when carrying stacked coconut shells. [112] Octopuses can replace lost limbs. A Litany for narrator and instrumental ensemble; Over 50 electronic compositions including one of the first all-electronic television scores, broadcast on, Patches III, a piece for solo piano and tape, which was broadcast on. The infundibulum provides adhesion while the acetabulum remains free, and muscle contractions allow for attachment and detachment. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, died at the age of 99. Most species grow quickly, mature early, and are short-lived. They are eaten and considered a delicacy by humans in many parts of the world, especially the Mediterranean and the Asian seas. Once the shell is penetrated, the prey dies almost instantaneously, its muscles relax, and the soft tissues are easy for the octopus to remove. [171], Due to their intelligence, octopuses are listed in some countries as experimental animals on which surgery may not be performed without anesthesia, a protection usually extended only to vertebrates. [20], He also scored episodes of the television series Gunsmoke, Mannix, Then Came Bronson, and Medical Center, and composed the theme for Crosswits, a 1970s game show. [2][13], Tamir Music is Springerâs publishing entity, and he owns the publishing rights to most of his songs. [94][95][96][97] Maze and problem-solving experiments have shown evidence of a memory system that can store both short- and long-term memory. [176], Soft-bodied eight-limbed order of molluscs, This article is about the order of cephalopod. They feed on copepods, arthropod larvae and other zooplankton, eventually settling on the ocean floor and developing directly into adults with no distinct metamorphoses that are present in other groups of mollusc larvae. Get up to the minute entertainment news, celebrity interviews, celeb videos, photos, movies, TV, music news and pop culture on ABCNews.com. The arms and funnel develop as part of the foot on the ventral side of the disc. [134][135], Ancient seafaring people were aware of the octopus, as evidenced by certain artworks and designs. Victor, Hugo, and Laverne are major characters in Disney's 1996 animated feature film, The Hunchback of Notre Dame. [166][167] Other zoologists thought it a spermatophore; the German zoologist Heinrich Müller believed it was "designed" to detach during copulation. [81], Nearly all octopuses are predatory; bottom-dwelling octopuses eat mainly crustaceans, polychaete worms, and other molluscs such as whelks and clams; open-ocean octopuses eat mainly prawns, fish and other cephalopods. "Interspecific Evaluation of Octopus Escape Behavior", "Armed but not dangerous: Is the octopus really the invertebrate intellect of the sea", "Giant Octopus – Mighty but Secretive Denizen of the Deep", "What behavior can we expect of octopuses? [91][100][101] They have even boarded fishing boats and opened holds to eat crabs. [97][106], Aside from humans, octopuses may be preyed on by fishes, seabirds, sea otters, pinnipeds, cetaceans, and other cephalopods. Octopuses, squids and cuttlefish belong to the clade Coleoidea. [27][28] The mantle cavity has muscular walls and contains the gills; it is connected to the exterior by a funnel or siphon. [24][23] The two rear appendages are generally used to walk on the sea floor, while the other six are used to forage for food; hence some biologists refer to the animals as having six "arms" and two "legs". [63] The hectocotylus in benthic octopuses is usually the third right arm, which has a spoon-shaped depression and modified suckers near the tip. Hugo is a 2011 American adventure drama film directed and produced by Martin Scorsese, and adapted for the screen by John Logan.Based on Brian Selznick's 2007 book The Invention of Hugo Cabret, it tells the story of a boy who lives alone in the Gare Montparnasse railway station in Paris in the 1930s, only to become embroiled ⦠[82] Major items in the diet of the giant Pacific octopus include bivalve molluscs such as the cockle Clinocardium nuttallii, clams and scallops and crustaceans such as crabs and spider crabs. They are known as "soft-bodied" cephalopods, lacking the external shell of most molluscs and other cephalopods like the nautiloids and the extinct Ammonoidea. Strategies to defend themselves against predators include the expulsion of ink, the use of camouflage and threat displays, the ability to jet quickly through the water and hide, and even deceit. Octopus lifespan is limited by reproduction: males can live for only a few months after mating, and females die shortly after their eggs hatch. [172] In 2012, this legislation was extended to include all cephalopods[173] in accordance with a general EU directive. Aspects of the Natural History of, "Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books", "Smithsonian National Zoological Park: Giant Pacific Octopus", "Understanding octopus growth: patterns, variability and physiology", "Octopuses and Relatives: Locomotion, Crawling", "Kinematic decomposition and classification of octopus arm movements", "The morphology and adhesion mechanism of, "Feel the light – sight independent negative phototactic response in octopus' arms", "Finned Deep-sea Octopuses, Grimpoteuthis spp", "Octopuses and Relatives: Locomotion, jet propulsion", "The control of ventilatory and cardiac responses to changes in ambient oxygen tension and oxygen demand in, "An Embodied View of Octopus Neurobiology", "Dynamic model of the octopus arm. [78] They are not known to be migratory.
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